kelompok 13

Name : Khusno Abdul Aziz

             Nirwati

Class  : IV A

Learning and Teaching

1. Learner Characteristics

Three learner characteristics have consistently been found to be consequential for language learning: motivation, anxiety, and beliefs about language learning.

Motivation

Motivation involves both the reasons that learners have for learning a language as well as the intensity of their feelings. For example, some learners only study the language because of a language requirement, while others expect to use the language in their future career.

Anxiety

Anxiety includes uncomfortable feelings when learning or using the new language. Several studies have found that approximately 1/3 of American foreign language learners experience anxiety in response to language learning (Horwitz, Tallon, and Luo, 2009).

Learner Beliefs

Beliefs about language learning are important because they influence how students approach language learning and the language learning strategies that they choose to use. Many language learners, for example, think that they are too old to learn a foreign language well.

2. Linguistic Factors

Why Languages Have Dialects: Linguistic Factors (Wolfram, 2.2)

I.  Historical Factors (see previous lecture)

II. Social Factors (see previous lecture)

III. Linguistic Factors

The other side of explaining dialects is rooted in the structure of language as opposed to the structure of society (see historical and social factors in earlier sections of chapter 2).  People often assume that dialects of a language differ from each other and from the standard in random, illogical, or irrational ways.  However, the evidence from examining actual dialects suggests that there are always principles of language structure that guide how dialects will differ from each other.  Differences are almost always systematic and follow certain orderly principles of language development.  Listed below are some of the major linguistic principles that govern the development and the analysis of dialects.

Language change As a starting point we need to understand that all languages are dynamic systems that are constantly in the process of changing.  The language of Shakespeare seems "archaic" to us because the English language has changed dramatically since the Renaissance. The English language continues to change today; in fact, people several centuries from now will look back on the English we speak as "archaic." The only language not undergoing change is a dead language (like Latin), one without any native speakers.

3.Learning Process 

Learning takes time and patience. It is a process  journey. A self-directed learning process is arguably the most powerful model for facilitating and inspiring individual, group and organizational learning and development.We provide a learning process to empower people to guide themselves through their personal learning and development journey. This process is built upon three major principles:

1. Identification of gaps between one’s IDEAL self and REAL self. These gaps represent a primary motivator to learn and improve.
2. Creation and implementation of a challenging and realistic action plan for development that follows the70/20/10 formula.
3. Ongoing development dialogue between learners and supervisors. Both have a responsibility to ensure that the entire learning process happens.