Nama:  Bayanul Azhari

              Hafifah

Group: IV A

Motivation

·         Theories of Motivation

·         Instrumental and Integrative Orientation

·         Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation

Theories of Motivation

            Various theory of motivation have been proposed over the course of decades of research. Following the historical schools thought described in chapter one, three different perspective emerge.

1.      From a behavioural perspective, motivation is seen in very matter of fact term.

2.      In cognitive term, motivation places  much more emphasis on the individual’s decision, “the choices people make as to what experiences or goals they will  approach or avoid, and the degree of effort they will exert in that respect” (keller, 1983, p . 389)

3.      A constructivist view of motivation places even further emphasis on social context as well as individual choices (William & burden, 1997, p. 120)

Instrumental and Integrative Orientation

            The instrumental side of the dichotomy referred to acquiring a language as a means attaining instrumental goal: furthering a career, reading technical material, translation, and so forth. The integrative side described learner who wished to integrate themselves into the culture of the second language group and become involved in social interchange in the group.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

            Edward deci (1975, p. 23) defined intrinsic motivation:

Intrinsically motivated are ones for which there is no apparent reward except the activity itself. Intrinsically motivated are aimed at the bringing about certain internally rewarding consequences, namely, feeling of competence and self-determination.

            On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is fuelled by the anticipation of a reward from outside and beyond the self. Typically extrinsic are money, prizes, grades, end even certain types of positive feedback.