MOTIVATION

Group 7
# Anis Rovita
# Samrotul Ma'sumi

   Theories of Motivation

Various theories of motivation have been proposed over the course of decades of research. Following the historical schools of thought described in chapter 1, three different perspectives emerge:1.      From a behavioral perspective, motivation is seen in very matter of fact terms. In a behavioral view, performance in tasks and motivation to do so is likely to be at the mercy of external forces: parents, teachers, peers, educational requirements, job specifications ect.2.      In cognitive terms, motivation places much more emphasis on the individual’s decision’s, for example, identified six needs undegirding the construct of motivation:

a)      Exploration

b)      Manipulating

c)      Activity

d)      Knowledge

e)      Enchancement

  Instrumental and Integrative Orientations

Two different clusters of attitudes divided two basic types of what Garner and Lambert identified as instrumental and integrative orientations to motivation.·      The instrumental side of the dichotomy referred to acquiring a language as a means for attaining instrumental goals: furthering a career, reading technical material, translation, and so forth.·      The integrative side described learners who wished to integrate themselves into the culture of the second language group and become involved in social interchange in that group.

Extrinsic Motivation and Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.Examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include:

·         Studying because you want to get a good grade
·         Cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents
·         Participating in a sport in order to win awards
·         Competing in a contest in order to win a scholarship
In each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a desire to gain a reward or avoid a negative outcome.

Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward

Examples of behaviors that are the result of intrinsic motivation include:

·         Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable
·         Solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and interesting
·         Playing a game because you find it exciting