anita and rosdiana

Name: Anita (2130730003)

  Rosdiana (2130730016)

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

DEFINING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

                The term communicative competence (CC) was coined by Dell Hynes (1972, 1967), a sociolinguist who convinced that Chomsky’s (1965) notion of competence. It is not so much an intrapersonal construct that can be examined only by means of the overt performance of two or more individuals in the process of communication.

            In the 1970s, research on CC distinquished between linguistic and communicative competence (Paulston, 1974; Hymes, 1967) to highlight the difference between knowledge “about” language forms and knowledge that enables a person to communicate functionally and interactively. A good share in the classroom, school-oriented language is context reduced, while face-to-face communication with people is context embedded. By revering to the context of our use of language, then, the distinction becomes more feasible to operationalize.

            Seminal work on defining CC was carried out by Michael Canale and Merril Swain (1980), still the reverence point for virtually all discussion of CC in relation to second language teaching. In Canale and Swan’s and later in Canle’s (1983) definition, four different components, or subcategorize, made up the construct of CC. the first two subcategories reflected the of the linguistic system itself, the last two defined the functional aspects of communication.

1.      Grammatical competence is that aspect of CC that encompasses “knowledge of lexical item and of rules of morphology, syntax, sentence-grammar semantics, and phonology” (Ganale & Swain, 1980, p. 29).

2.      The second subcategory is discourse competence, the complement of grammatical competence in many ways, it is the ability we have to connect sentences in stretches of discourse and to form a meaningful whole out of a series of utterances.

3.      Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of the sociocultural rules of language and of discourse.

4.      The fourth subcategory is strategy competence a contract that is exceedingly complex.

Strategic competence occupies a special place in an understanding of communication. Actually, definitions of strategic competence that is limited to the nation of “compensatory strategies” fall short of encompassing the full spectrum of the contract.

Canale and Swain’s (1980) model of CC has undergone some other modifications over the years. These newer vicws are perhaps best captured in lyle Bachman’(1990) schematization of what he simply calls “language competence”.

 

LANGUAGE FUNCTION

In Bachman’s model illocutionary competence consists of the ability to manipulate the functions of language a component that Canale and Swain subsume under discourse and sociolinguistic competence.

Functions are sometimes directly related to forms. “How much does that cost?” is usually a form functioning as a question, and “He bought a car” function as a statement. But linguistic forms are not always unambiguous in their function.

Communication may be regarded as a combination of acts a series of elements with purpose and intent. Communication is not merely an event, something that happens; it is functional, purposive and the signed to bring about some effect-some change, however subtle or unobservable-on the environment of hearers and speakers.

Hallliday’s Seven function of Language

Who provided one of the best expositions of language functions, used the term to mean the purpose nature of communication and outlined seven different functions of language:

1.      The instrumental function serves to manipulate the environment.to cause certain events to happen.

2.      The regulatory function of language of the control of the events. While such control is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the instrumental function.

3.      The representational function is the use of language to make statements, as one sees it.

4.      The interactional function of language serves to ensure social maintenance. “Phatic communion.” Malinowski’s term referring to the communicative contact.

5.      The personal function allows a speaker to express feelings, emotions, personality, “gut-level” reactions.

6.      The heuristic function involves language used to ucquire knowledge, to learn about the environment.

7.      The imaginative function serves to create imaginary systems or ideas. Telling fairy tales, joking, or writing novels are all uses of the imaginative functions.